التفاوت المالي بين الوحدات الفدرالية: المديًات و الحلول الفدرالية العراقية انموذجاً دراسة تحليلية مقارنة
Volume 13 , May 2025 , Pages 332-350
Authors
Ismail Najmaddin Zanganeh Zanganeh ; Zana Rasul Mohammad
10.17656/jlps.10347
Keywords
Abstract
The sources of revenue and wealth vary across the levels of government, depending on available financial and natural resources, as well as their diversity within the regions of the federal state. This leads to significant financial disparities and inequalities between these levels.
These disparities have a substantial impact on the regulation of fiscal powers in the federal state, as imbalances in financial resources create challenges for less affluent levels to fund their duties, responsibilities, and public services without overburdening citizens with taxes and fees.
Despite federal states’ efforts to regulate the distribution of financial resources across levels, the predominant feature remains the persistent disparity in financial capacity between different tiers of government. This has resulted in fiscal imbalances, both between federal and regional governments and among regional governments themselves. The inconsistency in revenues and expenditures across levels has led to a significant gap, exacerbating economic and social inequalities. To mitigate these imbalances, federal states have adopted various mechanisms, such as fiscal transfers and grants, to foster economic solidarity and a unitary fiscal approach within the federal structure.
This research explores these issues through its established analytical framework and methodology.
Keywords: Financial disparity, federal units, economic solidarity, Iraqi federalism, , fiscal transfers, grants.
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- First online15 May 2025
- Published at15 May 2025
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