السياسة الخارجية للعراق واشكالية الدبلوماسية الموازية القليم كو ردستان
Volume 13 , January 2026 , Pages 594-613
Authors
10.17656/jlps.10362
Keywords
Abstract
This study examines the issue of dual diplomatic representation in Iraq, which became
particularly evident following the expansion of the Kurdistan Region’s external activities
after 2003 and the emergence of a parallel diplomacy that operates alongside the federal
foreign policy. The Region expanded its foreign representations and concluded economic and
commercial agreements with states and international companies without consulting the
federal government, which led to objections from the federal government in Baghdad, as
these practices were viewed as inconsistent with the 2005 Iraqi Constitution that grants
exclusive authority over foreign policy to the federal institutions. In this context, the Federal
Supreme Court issued a ruling on 21 February 2024 ordering the dissolution of the Region’s
foreign representations and declaring them unconstitutional. The significance of this study
lies in its analysis of the constitutional and political foundations governing external
representation, and its proposal of mechanisms to achieve balanced authority between the
federal and regional levels. The study further contributes to supporting decision-makers,
enriching the literature on federalism and sovereignty, and clarifying the implications of
parallel diplomacy for state unity and national interests.
Keywords: security, homeland, Iraq, stability, humanitarian dimension, internal
challenges, external challenges.
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- Published at4 January 2026
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